Generating the fully rendered HTML for a page at build time or on first request, then serving that HTML to subsequent visitors and crawlers. Distinguished from server-side rendering (SSR), which renders per-request, and from client-side rendering (CSR), which builds the DOM in the browser. Pre-rendering removes JavaScript-SEO risk entirely for static or near-static content and gives the fastest possible first paint. Frameworks like Astro, Next.js, Nuxt, and SvelteKit support pre-rendering for some or all routes. The tradeoff is staleness: pre-rendered HTML reflects the state at build time, so highly dynamic pages need either SSR or incremental regeneration.